-Rhetoric is not limited to nonfiction
-Poetry, drama, and fiction may also be used as a means of persuasion
Arrangement
-Arrangement is the organization of a piece of writing
-The way a writer organizes their works depends on their intended purpose and effect.
*The Classical Model
-Arrangement is the organization of a piece of writing
-The way a writer organizes their works depends on their intended purpose and effect.
*The Classical Model
Introduction
-Draws readers to the text by attracting their interest, challenging them, or by getting their
attention using other methods.
-Ethos is usually established in introductions
-Draws readers to the text by attracting their interest, challenging them, or by getting their
attention using other methods.
-Ethos is usually established in introductions
Narration
-Provides factual information and background material in the subject
-Provides factual information and background material in the subject
-This begins developmental paragraphs or may establish why the subject is being addressed
-Narration appeals to pathos since the writer is trying to evoke an emotional response about the topic at hand
-Narration appeals to pathos since the writer is trying to evoke an emotional response about the topic at hand
Confirmation
-Usually the largest part of the average text, confirmation is concerned with supporting
the views held by the author
-Confirmation generally appeals to logos
Refutation
-Refutation addresses the counter-argument,and is considered to be a bridge between
the writer's proof and conclusion
-For opposing views that are well known or respected by the audience, a writer will
-For opposing views that are well known or respected by the audience, a writer will
usually present the opposing argument first
-Refutation appeals to logos
Conclusion
-The conclusion brings things to a close.
-Here, writers typically appeal to pathos, to appeal to the ethos established earlier
-Refutation appeals to logos
Conclusion
-The conclusion brings things to a close.
-Here, writers typically appeal to pathos, to appeal to the ethos established earlier
Patterns of Development
-Another way to arrange an argument is based on its purpose
*Narration
-Narration refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events
-Chronology often times governs a narration, which includes concrete detail, a point of view,
and sometimes other elements such as dialogue
-Narration is commonly used as a way to introduce topics
*Description
-Description is much like narration in how it includes specific details, but is different in how it
is aimed at the senses of the audience
-Description is often times used to establish a mood or atmosphere
-When readers can see and feel what the writer sees and feels, it is easier for the audience to
empathize with the writer, the subject, or argument
*Process Analysis
-Process analysis explains how something works, how to do something, or how something
was done
-The key to successful process analysis is clarity, since explaining things is best done
logically, with transitions marking the sequence of major steps, stages, or phases of a process
*Exemplification
-Providing a series of examples can turn a general idea into a concrete one, since it it made
clearer and is thus more persuasive
-Aristotle taught that examples are a type of logical proof called induction, that is to say that
a series of specific examples leads to a general conclusion
*Comparison and Contrast
-Compare and contrast is the juxtaposing of two things to highlight their similarities and
differences
-Writers use this to analyze information carefully, which often reveals insights into the
nature of the information being analyzed
*Classification and Division
-It is useful for readers and writers to know how to categorize information into major
categories
-The question, "What goes together and why?" can help to relate differing things with each
other
-Categories may be ready-made, or will have to be determined by oneself
-Writers often develop their own categories to find a distinctive way of breaking down a
larger idea or concept
*Definition
-Most essays rely on definition for clarification
-Definition seeks to lay a foundation to establish a common ground or identifying areas of
conflict between the writers and audience
-Defining something often starts debates of disagreements
*Narration
-Narration refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events
-Chronology often times governs a narration, which includes concrete detail, a point of view,
and sometimes other elements such as dialogue
-Narration is commonly used as a way to introduce topics
*Description
-Description is much like narration in how it includes specific details, but is different in how it
is aimed at the senses of the audience
-Description is often times used to establish a mood or atmosphere
-When readers can see and feel what the writer sees and feels, it is easier for the audience to
empathize with the writer, the subject, or argument
*Process Analysis
-Process analysis explains how something works, how to do something, or how something
was done
-The key to successful process analysis is clarity, since explaining things is best done
logically, with transitions marking the sequence of major steps, stages, or phases of a process
*Exemplification
-Providing a series of examples can turn a general idea into a concrete one, since it it made
clearer and is thus more persuasive
-Aristotle taught that examples are a type of logical proof called induction, that is to say that
a series of specific examples leads to a general conclusion
*Comparison and Contrast
-Compare and contrast is the juxtaposing of two things to highlight their similarities and
differences
-Writers use this to analyze information carefully, which often reveals insights into the
nature of the information being analyzed
*Classification and Division
-It is useful for readers and writers to know how to categorize information into major
categories
-The question, "What goes together and why?" can help to relate differing things with each
other
-Categories may be ready-made, or will have to be determined by oneself
-Writers often develop their own categories to find a distinctive way of breaking down a
larger idea or concept
*Definition
-Most essays rely on definition for clarification
-Definition seeks to lay a foundation to establish a common ground or identifying areas of
conflict between the writers and audience
-Defining something often starts debates of disagreements
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